Mass exploitation of ESXi hosts
16 February 2023
3CX VoIP App Supply Chain Compromise
Background
In case you haven’t heard, researchers at CrowdStrike, SentinelOne and Sophos have announced that a digitally signed and trojanized version of the 3CX Voice Over Internet Protocol (VOIP) desktop client is reportedly being used in an ongoing supply chain attack.
3CX, the company behind 3CXDesktopApp, claims to have more than 600,000 customers and 12 million users in 190 countries.
3CX published an advisory here.
The application has allegedly already been abused by one advanced threat actor (believed to be of North Korean origin) to add an installer that communicates with various command-and-control (C2) servers.
Although this issue is already being covered widely in our various advisory services, and in the media generally, we are publishing this advisory as a blog post to ensure our customers and the community at large is as well informed as possible.
Details
SentinelOne reports that the supply-chain attack starts when the MSI installer is downloaded from 3CX's website, or an update is pushed to an already installed desktop application. According to Sophos, the legitimate 3CXDesktopApp.exe executable itself does not contain malicious code but loads a malicious DLL which is used to extract an encrypted payload from the DLL and execute it. The malware will then download icon files hosted on GitHub that contain Base64 encoded strings.
These Base64 strings are used to download a final payload to the compromised devices - a previously unknown information-stealing malware. This new malware is capable of harvesting system information and stealing data and stored credentials from Chrome, Edge, Brave, and Firefox user profiles.
The GitHub repository hosting the file has since been taken down.
Some of the latest versions of the application are affected by this supply chain attack. It's been confirmed that the latest MacOS versions are also impacted.
Nick Galea, CEO of 3CX announced on a forum post that the company is currently working on a new version of their product which will be released in the coming hours. A new certificate will be issued soon also.
No information is available yet on how the threat actor initially got inside 3CX's systems. A CVE number (CVE-2023-29059) has been reserved, even if no real vulnerability was discovered in the software. This CVE just eases tracking the supply chain attack affecting that solution, as some security solutions or databases (e.g. vulnerability scanners) require a formal CVE identifier.
GitHub may have some telemetry about the possible victims that received the Windows malware from the malicious repository. They haven't publicly communicated about their findings yet though.
What you should do
3CX has engaged Mandiant for the incident response and pushed out a new temporary update for clients. This clean version is numbered 18.12.422 and was automatically pushed overnight to 3CX Hosted / StartUP clients. For customers using self-hosted and on-premise solutions, the update needs to be downloaded from the Management console.
But this version doesn't fully fix the issue, so the vendor also recommends uninstalling the Electron client app and using the Web client ("PWA" solution) instead. They have promised that a new client app will be released in the next few days, signed by a new certificate.
A workaround has been recommended by the vendor's CEO: to urgently switch to their Progressive Web App (PWA) version of the product. Another proposed workaround is to uninstall the desktop app and install it again, but we can’t confirm that this is a robust response to the threat.
If you run the 3CX compromised versions, we highly recommend you check that:
- There is no detection exception configured for the 3CX applications in your security solutions (EDR, AV, etc.).
- All your detection tools are updated with appropriate rules and Indicators of Compromise (IoC).
- Your 3CX apps are upgraded to the latest clean version (18.12.422) or uninstalled in favor of the PWA web-only solution.
Resources (IOCs)
SentinelOne, Sophos and CrowdStrike have shared some IoCs which can be used to proactively protect your network perimeter. These IoCs have been automatically added to our own Datalake Threat Intelligence Platform, which is used by our Managed Threat Detection and Managed Threat Intelligence-protect services. The service is also available as a standalone service to all customers in a cloud-based solution.
A firm called Volexity has provided some detection rules:
Many more Yara rules have been publicly shared since yesterday, including by Elastic for example.
Most security vendors also rushed to create detection rules in their solution. Opportunities for detection include:
child processes launched by the 3CX app
beacons from the app towards GitHub
files written by the app
logs showing direct requests to the network based IoCs or
direct match against the hashes of the malware
Our Threat Detection and Vulnerability scanning teams have initiated a crisis cell and will directly liaise with possibly affected clients. Our [Managed Threat Intelligence - protect] customers also do not need to do anything as those IoCs are constantly and automatically pushed to the security solutions we manage for them.
In the interest of public safety, we are publishing a complete list of verified IOCs tied to this campaign here.
References
External:
- SentinelOne: https://www.sentinelone.com/blog/smoothoperator-ongoing-campaign-trojanizes-3cx-software-in-software-supply-chain-attack/
- Crowdstrike: https://www.crowdstrike.com
- Sophos: https://news.sophos.com/en-us/2023/03/29/3cx-dll-sideloading-attack/
- 3CX: https://www.3cx.com/blog/news/desktopapp-security-alert/
Orange Cyberdefense:
- Our World Watch security advisory: https://portal.cert.orangecyberdefense.com/worldwatch/651085
- Our Managed Threat Intelligence [detect] clients can directly consult and consume the IOCs from this address on our Datalake platform: https://datalake.cert.orangecyberdefense.com/gui/search?query_hash=7c9e8d6ca450402c978de64113698955
- If you’re interested to know more about this OCD managed service, please reach out to our CERT via e-mail, indicating you’re a World Watch beneficiary.
Yara rules
import "pe"
rule APT_MAL_NK_3CX_Malicious_Samples_Mar23_1 {
meta:
description = "Detects malicious DLLs related to 3CX compromise"
author = "X__Junior, Florian Roth (Nextron Systems)"
reference = "https://www.reddit.com/r/crowdstrike/comments/125r3uu/20230329_situational_awareness_crowdstrike/"
date = "2023-03-29"
score = 85
hash1 = "7986bbaee8940da11ce089383521ab420c443ab7b15ed42aed91fd31ce833896"
hash2 = "c485674ee63ec8d4e8fde9800788175a8b02d3f9416d0e763360fff7f8eb4e02"
strings:
$op1 = { 4C 89 F1 4C 89 EA 41 B8 40 00 00 00 FF 15 ?? ?? ?? ?? 85 C0 74 ?? 4C 89 F0 FF 15 ?? ?? ?? ?? 4C 8D 4C 24 ?? 45 8B 01 4C 89 F1 4C 89 EA FF 15 } /* VirtualProtect and execute payload*/
$op2 = { 48 C7 44 24 ?? 00 00 00 00 4C 8D 7C 24 ?? 48 89 F9 48 89 C2 41 89 E8 4D 89 F9 FF 15 ?? ?? ?? ?? 41 83 3F 00 0F 84 ?? ?? ?? ?? 0F B7 03 3D 4D 5A 00 00} /* ReadFile and MZ compare*/
$op3 = { 41 80 7C 00 ?? FE 75 ?? 41 80 7C 00 ?? ED 75 ?? 41 80 7C 00 ?? FA 75 ?? 41 80 3C 00 CE} /* marker */
$op4 = { 44 0F B6 CD 46 8A 8C 0C ?? ?? ?? ?? 45 30 0C 0E 48 FF C1} /* xor part in RC4 decryption*/
condition:
uint16(0) == 0x5a4d
and filesize < 3MB
and pe.characteristics & pe.DLL
and 2 of them
}
rule APT_MAL_NK_3CX_Malicious_Samples_Mar23_2 {
meta:
description = "Detects malicious DLLs related to 3CX compromise (decrypted payload)"
author = "Florian Roth (Nextron Systems)"
reference = "https://twitter.com/dan__mayer/status/1641170769194672128?s=20"
date = "2023-03-29"
score = 80
hash1 = "aa4e398b3bd8645016d8090ffc77d15f926a8e69258642191deb4e68688ff973"
strings:
$s1 = "raw.githubusercontent.com/IconStorages/images/main/icon%d.ico" wide fullword
$s2 = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/IconStorages" wide fullword
$s3 = "icon%d.ico" wide fullword
$s4 = "__tutmc" ascii fullword
$op1 = { 2d ee a1 00 00 c5 fa e6 f5 e9 40 fe ff ff 0f 1f 44 00 00 75 2e c5 fb 10 0d 46 a0 00 00 44 8b 05 7f a2 00 00 e8 0a 0e 00 00 }
$op4 = { 4c 8d 5c 24 71 0f 57 c0 48 89 44 24 60 89 44 24 68 41 b9 15 cd 5b 07 0f 11 44 24 70 b8 b1 68 de 3a 41 ba a4 7b 93 02 }
$op5 = { f7 f3 03 d5 69 ca e8 03 00 00 ff 15 c9 0a 02 00 48 8d 44 24 30 45 33 c0 4c 8d 4c 24 38 48 89 44 24 20 }
condition:
uint16(0) == 0x5a4d and
filesize < 900KB and 3 of them
or 5 of them
}
rule APT_MAL_NK_3CX_Malicious_Samples_Mar23_3 {
meta:
description = "Detects malicious DLLs related to 3CX compromise (decrypted payload)"
author = "Florian Roth , X__Junior"
reference = "https://www.reddit.com/r/crowdstrike/comments/125r3uu/20230329_situational_awareness_crowdstrike/"
date = "2023-03-29"
score = 80
hash1 = "aa4e398b3bd8645016d8090ffc77d15f926a8e69258642191deb4e68688ff973"
strings:
$opa1 = { 41 81 C0 ?? ?? ?? ?? 02 C8 49 C1 E9 ?? 41 88 4B ?? 4D 03 D1 8B C8 45 8B CA C1 E1 ?? 33 C1 41 69 D0 ?? ?? ?? ?? 8B C8 C1 E9 ?? 33 C1 8B C8 C1 E1 ?? 81 C2 ?? ?? ?? ?? 33 C1 43 8D 0C 02 02 C8 49 C1 EA ?? 41 88 0B 8B C8 C1 E1 ?? 33 C1 44 69 C2 ?? ?? ?? ?? 8B C8 C1 E9 ?? 33 C1 8B C8 C1 E1 ?? 41 81 C0 } /*lcg chunk */
$opa2 = { 8B C8 41 69 D1 ?? ?? ?? ?? C1 E1 ?? 33 C1 45 8B CA 8B C8 C1 E9 ?? 33 C1 81 C2 ?? ?? ?? ?? 8B C8 C1 E1 ?? 33 C1 41 8B C8 4C 0F AF CF 44 69 C2 ?? ?? ?? ?? 4C 03 C9 45 8B D1 4C 0F AF D7} /*lcg chunk */
$opb1 = { 45 33 C9 48 89 6C 24 ?? 48 8D 44 24 ?? 48 89 6C 24 ?? 8B D3 48 89 B4 24 ?? ?? ?? ?? 48 89 44 24 ?? 45 8D 41 ?? FF 15 } /* base64 decode */
$opb2 = { 44 8B 0F 45 8B C6 48 8B 4D ?? 49 8B D7 44 89 64 24 ?? 48 89 7C 24 ?? 44 89 4C 24 ?? 4C 8D 4D ?? 48 89 44 24 ?? 44 89 64 24 ?? 4C 89 64 24 ?? FF 15} /* AES decryption */
$opb3 = { 48 FF C2 66 44 39 2C 56 75 ?? 4C 8D 4C 24 ?? 45 33 C0 48 8B CE FF 15 ?? ?? ?? ?? 85 C0 0F 84 ?? ?? ?? ?? 44 0F B7 44 24 ?? 33 F6 48 8B 54 24 ?? 45 33 C9 48 8B 0B 48 89 74 24 ?? 89 74 24 ?? C7 44 24 ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? 48 89 74 24 ?? FF 15 } /* internet connection */
$opb4 = { 33 C0 48 8D 6B ?? 4C 8D 4C 24 ?? 89 44 24 ?? BA ?? ?? ?? ?? 48 89 44 24 ?? 48 8B CD 89 44 24 ?? 44 8D 40 ?? 8B F8 FF 15} /* VirtualProtect */
condition:
( all of ($opa*) )
or
( 1 of ($opa*) and 1 of ($opb*) )
or
( 3 of ($opb*) )
}
rule SUSP_APT_MAL_NK_3CX_Malicious_Samples_Mar23_1 {
meta:
description = "Detects marker found in malicious DLLs related to 3CX compromise"
author = "X__Junior, Florian Roth (Nextron Systems)"
reference = "https://www.reddit.com/r/crowdstrike/comments/125r3uu/20230329_situational_awareness_crowdstrike/"
date = "2023-03-29"
score = 75
hash1 = "7986bbaee8940da11ce089383521ab420c443ab7b15ed42aed91fd31ce833896"
hash2 = "c485674ee63ec8d4e8fde9800788175a8b02d3f9416d0e763360fff7f8eb4e02"
strings:
$opx1 = { 41 80 7C 00 FD FE 75 ?? 41 80 7C 00 FE ED 75 ?? 41 80 7C 00 FF FA 75 ?? 41 80 3C 00 CE }
condition:
$opx1
}
rule APT_SUSP_NK_3CX_RC4_Key_Mar23_1 {
meta:
description = "Detects RC4 key used in 3CX binaries known to be malicious"
author = "Florian Roth (Nextron Systems)"
date = "2023-03-29"
reference = "https://www.reddit.com/r/crowdstrike/comments/125r3uu/20230329_situational_awareness_crowdstrike/"
score = 70
hash1 = "7986bbaee8940da11ce089383521ab420c443ab7b15ed42aed91fd31ce833896"
hash2 = "59e1edf4d82fae4978e97512b0331b7eb21dd4b838b850ba46794d9c7a2c0983"
hash3 = "aa124a4b4df12b34e74ee7f6c683b2ebec4ce9a8edcf9be345823b4fdcf5d868"
hash4 = "c485674ee63ec8d4e8fde9800788175a8b02d3f9416d0e763360fff7f8eb4e02"
strings:
$x1 = "3jB(2bsG#@c7"
condition:
( uint16(0) == 0xcfd0 or uint16(0) == 0x5a4d )
and $x1
}
rule SUSP_3CX_App_Signed_Binary_Mar23_1 {
meta:
description = "Detects 3CX application binaries signed with a certificate and created in a time frame in which other known malicious binaries have been created"
author = "Florian Roth (Nextron Systems)"
date = "2023-03-29"
reference = "https://www.reddit.com/r/crowdstrike/comments/125r3uu/20230329_situational_awareness_crowdstrike/"
score = 65
hash1 = "fad482ded2e25ce9e1dd3d3ecc3227af714bdfbbde04347dbc1b21d6a3670405"
hash2 = "dde03348075512796241389dfea5560c20a3d2a2eac95c894e7bbed5e85a0acc"
strings:
$sa1 = "3CX Ltd1"
$sa2 = "3CX Desktop App" wide
$sc1 = { 1B 66 11 DF 9C 9A 4D 6E CC 8E D5 0C 9B 91 78 73 } // Known compromised cert
condition:
uint16(0) == 0x5a4d
and pe.timestamp > 1669680000 // 29.11.2022 earliest known malicious sample
and pe.timestamp < 1680108505 // 29.03.2023 date of the report
and all of ($sa*)
and $sc1 // serial number of known compromised certificate
}
rule SUSP_3CX_MSI_Signed_Binary_Mar23_1 {
meta:
description = "Detects 3CX MSI installers signed with a known compromised certificate and signed in a time frame in which other known malicious binaries have been signed"
author = "Florian Roth (Nextron Systems)"
date = "2023-03-29"
reference = "https://www.reddit.com/r/crowdstrike/comments/125r3uu/20230329_situational_awareness_crowdstrike/"
score = 60
hash1 = "aa124a4b4df12b34e74ee7f6c683b2ebec4ce9a8edcf9be345823b4fdcf5d868"
hash2 = "59e1edf4d82fae4978e97512b0331b7eb21dd4b838b850ba46794d9c7a2c0983"
strings:
$a1 = { 84 10 0C 00 00 00 00 00 C0 00 00 00 00 00 00 46 } // MSI marker
$sc1 = { 1B 66 11 DF 9C 9A 4D 6E CC 8E D5 0C 9B 91 78 73 } // Known compromised cert
$s1 = "3CX Ltd1"
$s2 = "202303" // in
condition:
uint16(0) == 0xcfd0
and $a1
and $sc1
and (
$s1 in (filesize-20000..filesize)
and $s2 in (filesize-20000..filesize)
)
}
rule APT_MAL_macOS_NK_3CX_Malicious_Samples_Mar23_1 {
meta:
description = "Detects malicious macOS application related to 3CX compromise (decrypted payload)"
author = "Florian Roth"
reference = "https://www.reddit.com/r/crowdstrike/comments/125r3uu/20230329_situational_awareness_crowdstrike/"
date = "2023-03-30"
score = 80
hash1 = "b86c695822013483fa4e2dfdf712c5ee777d7b99cbad8c2fa2274b133481eadb"
hash2 = "ac99602999bf9823f221372378f95baa4fc68929bac3a10e8d9a107ec8074eca"
hash3 = "51079c7e549cbad25429ff98b6d6ca02dc9234e466dd9b75a5e05b9d7b95af72"
strings:
$s1 = "20230313064152Z0"
$s2 = "Developer ID Application: 3CX (33CF4654HL)"
condition:
uint16(0) == 0xfeca and all of them
} Find more security intelligence here:
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